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Bladder
Congenital anomalies>
Arteriovenous malformation
Author: Nat Pernick, M.D. (see Authors page)
Revised: 22 December 2009, UPDATE IN PROGRESS
Copyright: (c) 2002-2009, PathologyOutlines.com, Inc.
Definition
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● By definition, direct communication is present between arterioles and venules
Terminology
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Epidemiology
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Sites
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Etiology
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Clinical features
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● Very rare in bladder
● More common in CNS, intestine, lung, extremities
● Common symptoms are pain, gross hematuria (may be massive) and acute urinary retention
Prognostic factors
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Case reports
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● Treated with transurethral resection (Int J Urol 2005;12:409)
Treatment
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● Excision is adequate therapy
Clinical images
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Gross description (Macroscopy)
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● Large broad based masses up to 6 cm (Am J Surg Pathol 2008;32:1213)
Gross images
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Micro description (Histopathology)
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● Abrupt changes in thickness of medial and elastic layers of vessels, abnormal vascular dilation
● Often advanced small vessel disease, hemorrhage, ulceration (Hum Pathol 1986;17:94)
● Involves submucosa but not muscularis propria
● May be associated with pseudocarcinomatous epithelial hyperplasia of bladder (Am J Surg Pathol 2008;32:92)
Micro images
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Brain: #1; #2; #3; #4; trichrome
Brain: the AVM consists of a jumble of abnormal vessels with varying degrees of muscularization; small luminal protrusions or cushions are typical; in contrast to a cavernous angioma, there is considerable parenchyma between the abnormal vessels, link
Cytology description
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Cytology images
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Positive stains
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Negative stains
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Electron microscopy descriptions
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Electron microscopy images
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Molecular / cytogenetics description
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Molecular / cytogenetics images
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Differential Diagnosis
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● (link to topic)
Additional references
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End of Bladder > Congenital anomalies > Arteriovenous malformation
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