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Bladder
Metaplasias
Squamous metaplasia
Reviewers: Rugvedita Parakh, MD, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (see Reviewers page)
Revised: 17 July 2010, last major update July 2010
Copyright: (c) 2002-2010, PathologyOutlines.com, Inc.
Definition
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● Replacement of urothelium by stratified squamous epithelium, both vaginal (non-keratinized) and keratinized subtypes
Terminology
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● Also called leukoplakia
Epidemiology
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● Normal in women in trigonal area
Etiology
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Urinary tract infections:
● Escherichia coli, Proteus and Streptococcus faecalis infections
● Schistosomiasis
● Inflammatory trauma causes squamous metaplasia, which may cause defects in the glycosaminoglycan layer, which can cause more inflammation / infections (J Urol 1983;130:51)
Urinary Tract Irritants:
● Indwelling catheters, urinary calculi, urinary outflow obstruction, fistula, tumors, bladder extrophy, neurogenic bladder, previous bladder surgery and vitamin A deficiency
Clinical features
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Vaginal (nonkeratinized) subtype:
● Common in trigone (also called pseudomembranous trigonitis); considered a normal finding by some
● Only in females
● Rarely occurs in children (Urol Int 2006;77:46)
● Associated with inverted papilloma; not associated with chronic irritation
● No risk for carcinoma
● Treated with estrogen if symptomatic
Keratinizing subtype:
● Also called leukoplakia
● More common in males
● Associated with chronic irritation (catheters, stones, parasite eggs), polypoid cystitis, cystitis glandularis
● May have atypia
● Risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma
Prognostic factors
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● Keratinizing squamous metaplasia may transform to squamous dysplasia/carcinoma
Case reports
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● 54 year old man with tetraplegia, keratinizing squamous metaplasia and prophylactic cystectomy (J Spinal Cord Med 2007;30:389)
● 3 women in one family with no bladder pathology (J Urol 1987;137:979)
Treatment
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● Spontaneous resolution in some
● Careful follow-up of keratinizing squamous metaplasia, particularly if atypia, to detect dysplasia or carcinoma (Urol Int 2008;81:247, Am J Surg Pathol 2006;30:883)
● Transurethral resection and fulguration
● Cystectomy may occasionally be recommended for extensive disease (Eur Urol 2002;42:469)
● Possibly sodium pentosan polysulfate (used for painful bladder syndrome / interstitial cystitis, Drugs 2006;66:821)
Clinical images
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Cystoscopy shows flaky, white Cystoscopy of trigone in 15 year old girl
plaque-like lesions
Gross description (Macroscopy)
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● No striking gross changes to the epithelial lining of the bladder.
● The epithelial lining may appear paler and thicker than normal with irregular borders and a surrounding zone of erythema
Micro description (Histopathology)
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Non-keratinized squamous metaplasia:
● Epithelium has abundant intracytoplasmic glycogen, similar to vaginal or cervical squamous epithelium
● Recommended that nonkeratinizing glycogenated squamous epithelium in trigone and bladder neck in women should not be reported as "squamous metaplasia" since this is a common finding with no significantly increased risk for squamous carcinoma
Keratinizing squamous metaplasia:
● Hyperkeratotic squamous epithelium lining bladder lumen
● Presence and extent of keratinizing squamous metaplasia should be reported
Micro images
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Nonkeratinizing squamous metaplasia
Keratinizing squamous metaplasia
Mixed nonkeratinizing and keratinizing squamous metaplasia
CK20 stains only umbrella cells
Cytology images
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Benign squamous cells and inflammatory cells
Positive stains
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● CK14 (Spinal Cord 2003;41:432)
● L1 antigen detected by monoclonal antibody Mac387 has been used as marker of squamous differentiation; absent in normal urothelium and transitional cell carcinoma (Histopathology 1991;19:245)
Negative stains
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● CK20 (BMC Urol 2002 Jul 29;2:7)
Differential Diagnosis
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● Radiation atypia: degenerative type epithelial changes
● Squamous Dysplasia: atypia is present
● Squamous cell carcinoma (Renal pelvis, Ureter and Bladder): marked atypia, hemorrhage, necrosis
● Urothelial carcinoma in situ: marked atypia, but may not be full thickness
● Verrucous Carcinoma: well differentiated tumor with broad based invasive front
Additional references
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End of Bladder > Metaplasias > Squamous metaplasia
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