CD Markers - CD19

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CD Markers

CD19

Reviewers: Nat Pernick, M.D., (see Reviewers page)
Revised: 7 January 2011, last major update January 2011
Copyright: (c) 2002-2011, PathologyOutlines.com, Inc.

General
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● Common B cell marker (also CD20, CD79a, Pax5)

Physiology
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● Forms a complex with CD21, CD81 and CD225 in the membrane of mature B cells
● Regulates B cell development, activation and differentiation (J Immunol 2003;171:5921)
● May define intrinsic and antigen receptor-induced signaling thresholds critical for clonal expansion of the B cell pool and humoral immunity (Curr Dir Autoimmun 2005;8:55); coligation of CD19 with the antigen receptor of B cells decreases the threshold for antigen receptor-dependent stimulation by 2 orders of magnitude, so B cells proliferate if ~100 antigen receptors per cell (0.03% of the total) are ligated with CD19 (Science 1992;256:105)

Clinical features
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● Defects in CD19 cause immunodeficiency common variable type 3 (OMIM 613493), characterized by antibody deficiency, hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent bacterial infections and an inability to mount an antibody response to antigen
● CD19 count may be useful to screen for B cell lymphoproliferative disorders (Clin Chem Lab Med 2010 Nov 5 [Epub ahead of print])
● Adoptive transfer of anti-CD19-chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells is a possible treatment for B cell malignancies (Blood 2010;116:4099)

Uses
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● Diagnosis of B cells and B cell disorders
● May be more sensitive than CD20 in detecting B cell acute leukemias (Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2005;13:943)

Micro images
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Tonsil (normal)

Flow cytometry images
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Follicular lymphoma with IgG light chain restriction

Biphenotypic acute leukemia with CD19 and myeloperoxidase coexpression (figure B)

Hairy cell leukemia variant: A-CD20 (bright) and CD22+; B-CD11c+ and CD22+; C-CD103+ and CD25 negative; D-CD19+ and FMC7+; E-kappa+; F-lambda negative

Positive staining - normal
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● Pre B cells, B cells; follicular dendritic cells
● Hematogones in bone marrow by flow cytometry

Positive staining - disease
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● B cell lymphomas and leukemias, but often weak/negative in follicular lymphoma or diffuse large B cell lymphoma (Histopathology 2006;48:239, Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2005;63:28)
● Occasionally myeloid leukemias (AML, Am J Clin Path 1998;109:211; AML with t(8;21), Oncogene 2010;29:2927; AML-M0, Am J Clin Path 2001;115:876; CML blast phase - Am J Clin Path 2004;121:836)
● Occasionally anaplastic large cell lymphoma by flow cytometry (Am J Clin Path 2003;119:205)
● Rarely T cell lymphoma (Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2009;76:142)

Negative staining
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● Plasma cells, basophils, mast cells
● Myeloma (Am J Clin Path 2004;121:482), most T cell lymphomas
● Often L&H cells in lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin’s lymphoma, often post-transplant B cell lymphoproliferative disorder

Additional references
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● OMIM 107265

End of CD Markers > CD19

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