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CNS & pituitary tumors

Authors: Eman Abdelzaher, M.D., Ph.D., Janice Seulgy Ahn, M.D., Jared T. Ahrendsen, M.D., Ph.D., Ethar Al-Husseinawi, M.B.Ch.B., Ph.D., Sanda Alexandrescu, M.D., Valeria Barresi, M.D., Ph.D., Paul J. Biggs, M.D., Andrey Bychkov, M.D., Ph.D., Chunyu Cai, M.D., Ph.D., P.J. Cimino, M.D., Ph.D., Yanel De Los Santos, M.D., John DeWitt, M.D., Ph.D., Angela France, D.O., Jesse L. Kresak, M.D., Nelli S. Lakis, M.D., M.Sc., Maria Martinez-Lage, M.D., Ashirwad Merve, M.B.B.S., Ph.D., Meaghan Morris, M.D., Ph.D., Nat Pernick, M.D., Michael Punsoni, M.D., Bharat Ramlal, M.D., Federico Roncaroli, M.D., Katherine Schwetye, M.D., Ph.D., Nirupama Singh, M.D., Ph.D., Arnault Tauziede-Espariat, M.D., Mariana Voudouri, M.D., Shih-Hsiu "Jerry" Wang, M.D., Ph.D., Anthony T. Yachnis, M.D., Irfan Yasin, M.B.B.S., Rebecca Yoda, M.D., George Zanazzi, M.D., Ph.D.

Last staff update: 12 August 2022

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Editorial Board oversight: Chunyu Cai, M.D. (last reviewed December 2021), Debra Zynger, M.D. (last reviewed December 2020).

NOTE: Revisions are in progress based on the 2021 WHO classification.
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Table of contents
General:anatomy & histology-pineal gland books CNS-gross (pending) CNS-histology (pending) CNS tumors NOS and NEC (pending) grossing, features to report & staging WHO classification
Cysts:arachnoid cyst choroid plexus cyst colloid cyst dermoid cyst enterogenous cyst epidermoid cyst glioependymal / ependymal cyst meningeal cyst pineal cyst Rathke cleft cyst simple cyst synovial cyst syrinx
Gliomas, glioneuronal tumors, and neuronal tumors:glioma overview WHO grading of gliomas astrocytoma, IDH mutant glioblastoma, IDH wild type larotrectinib (LOXO-101) oligodendroglioma, IDH mutant and 1p / 19q codeleted oligodendroglioma, NOS
Other astrocytic tumors:gliosarcoma pilocytic astrocytoma pilomyxoid astrocytoma subependymal giant cell astrocytoma pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (pending)
Pediatric-type diffuse high grade gliomas:diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34 mutant diffuse low grade glioma, MAPK pathway altered
Ependymal tumors:ependymoma clear cell ependymoma papillary ependymoma tanycytic ependymoma anaplastic ependymoma myxopapillary ependymoma subependymoma RELA fusion positive ependymoma
Other gliomas:angiocentric glioma astroblastoma chordoid glioma of the third ventricle
Neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumors:dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor gangliocytoma & ganglioglioma anaplastic ganglioglioma (pending) dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma / ganglioglioma papillary glioneuronal tumor rosette forming glioneuronal tumor diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor central neurocytoma extraventricular neurocytoma cerebellar liponeurocytoma paraganglioma
Embryonal tumors
Medulloblastoma:WNT activated (pending) SHH activated medulloblastoma desmoplastic / nodular medulloblastoma
Embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes:embryonal tumor with abundant neuropil and true rosettes, C19MC altered ependymoblastoma, C19MC altered medulloepithelioma, C19MC not altered
Other embryonal tumors:atypical teratoid / rhabdoid tumor neuroblastoma ganglioneuroblastoma CNS embryonal tumor, NOS (pending)
Choroid plexus tumors:choroid plexus tumors (papilloma, atypical papilloma, carcinoma)
Pineal tumors:desmoplastic myxoid tumor of the pineal region, SMARCB1 mutant papillary tumor of pineal region pineoblastoma pineocytoma pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation
Meningeal tumors:meningioma WHO grading of meningiomas anaplastic meningioma atypical meningioma chordoid meningioma clear cell meningioma papillary meningioma rhabdoid meningioma secretory meningioma
Germ cell tumors:choriocarcinoma embryonal carcinoma germinoma teratoma yolk sac tumor
Sellar region tumors:craniopharyngioma-adamantinomatous papillary craniopharyngioma pituicytoma pituitary endocrine tumor (pending) pituitary adenoma pituitary carcinoma pituitary hyperplasia spindle cell oncocytoma
Lymphoma & histiocytic tumors:histiocytic tumors immunodeficiency associated (pending)
Other tumors:hemangioblastoma melanocytic tumors / melanoma meningioangiomatosis metastases paraneoplastic syndromes schwannoma solitary fibrous tumor
CNS tumor stains: ATRX BRAF V600E GFAP IDH1 (R132H) NeuN NFP / neurofilament Olig2 SSTR2A synaptophysin

Disorders from other chapters: primary CNS lymphoma

Superpages: entire chapterimagesvirtual slides
Index (Alphabetical table of contents)
A-E:anaplastic ependymoma anaplastic ganglioglioma (pending) anaplastic meningioma anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (pending) anatomy & histology-pineal gland angiocentric glioma arachnoid cyst astroblastoma astrocytoma, IDH mutant atypical meningioma atypical teratoid / rhabdoid tumor central neurocytoma cerebellar liponeurocytoma chordoid glioma of the third ventricle chordoid meningioma choriocarcinoma choroid plexus cyst choroid plexus tumors (papilloma, atypical papilloma, carcinoma) clear cell ependymoma clear cell meningioma CNS embryonal tumor, NOS (pending) CNS tumors NOS and NEC (pending) CNS-gross (pending) CNS-histology (pending) colloid cyst craniopharyngioma-adamantinomatous dermoid cyst desmoplastic / nodular medulloblastoma desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma / ganglioglioma desmoplastic myxoid tumor of the pineal region, SMARCB1 mutant diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34 mutant diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor diffuse low grade glioma, MAPK pathway altered diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum embryonal carcinoma embryonal tumor with abundant neuropil and true rosettes, C19MC altered enterogenous cyst ependymoblastoma, C19MC altered ependymoma epidermoid cyst extraventricular neurocytoma
F-N:gangliocytoma & ganglioglioma ganglioneuroblastoma germinoma glioblastoma, IDH wild type glioependymal / ependymal cyst glioma overview gliosarcoma grossing, features to report & staging hemangioblastoma histiocytic tumors immunodeficiency associated (pending) larotrectinib (LOXO-101) medulloblastoma medulloepithelioma, C19MC not altered melanocytic tumors / melanoma meningeal cyst meningioangiomatosis meningioma metastases myxopapillary ependymoma neuroblastoma
O-Z:oligodendroglioma, IDH mutant and 1p / 19q codeleted oligodendroglioma, NOS papillary craniopharyngioma papillary ependymoma papillary glioneuronal tumor papillary meningioma papillary tumor of pineal region paraganglioma paraneoplastic syndromes pilocytic astrocytoma pilomyxoid astrocytoma pineal cyst pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation pineoblastoma pineocytoma pituicytoma pituitary adenoma pituitary carcinoma pituitary endocrine tumor (pending) pituitary hyperplasia pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma Rathke cleft cyst RELA fusion positive ependymoma rhabdoid meningioma rosette forming glioneuronal tumor schwannoma secretory meningioma SHH activated simple cyst solitary fibrous tumor spindle cell oncocytoma subependymal giant cell astrocytoma subependymoma synovial cyst syrinx tanycytic ependymoma teratoma WHO classification WHO grading of gliomas WHO grading of meningiomas WNT activated (pending) yolk sac tumor
CNS & pituitary tumors books

(IARC): 2016

Asa: 2011

Gupta: 2016

IARC: 2017

IARC: 2022

Kleinschmidt-DeMasters: 2016

Love: 2015

Perry: 2017

Rodriguez: 2016



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