Pathology Outlines

Stains & CD markers
CD90-99

Last author update: 1 February 2002

Last staff update: 24 June 2021

Copyright: 2002-2023, PathologyOutlines.com, Inc.

PubMed Search: CD90[title], CD91[title], SLC44A1, CD93[title], CD94[title], CD96[title], CD97, CD98[title]

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Table of Contents

CD90 | CD91 | CDw92 | CD93 | CD94 | CD95 | CD96 | CD97 | CD98 | CD99 | Microscopic (histologic) images

Cite this page: Pernick N. CD90-99. PathologyOutlines.com website. https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/cdmarkerscd90.html. Accessed January 30th, 2023.

CD90

Also called Thy-1
May mediate differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and synaptogenesis in the CNS
CD34+ CD90+ cells include hematopoietic stem cells that serve as autologous grafts to replace the bone marrow in patients with malignancies (Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2000;6:262)
Mediates adhesion of various white blood cells to activated endothelial cells (J Immunol 2004;172:3850)
Uses by pathologists: hematopoietic stem cell marker
Positive staining - normal:
- Immature hematopoietic stem cells, neurons, connective tissue, activated endothelial cells, fibroblasts (variable) (Am J Pathol 2003;163:1291)
- Keratinocyte stem cells (Br J Dermatol 2006;154:1062)
Negative staining - disease: Ewing sarcoma and some rhabdomyosarcomas (Am J Clin Pathol 2003;119:643)

CD91

Low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (LRP1); also called alpha 2 macroglobulin receptor
Large scavenger receptor that mediates the uptake and degradation of various ligands
Binds to apoE containing lipoproteins and mediates chylomicron remnant clearance from the plasma
May suppress thyroid carcinoma invasion by clearing urokinase plasminogen activator (Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006;38:1729)
Increased CD91 surface expression on CD14(+) monocytes is associated with the apparent HIV1 resistance observed in HIV exposed but seronegative subjects (J Leukoc Biol 2005;78:37)
Increased expression on monocytes in melanoma patients is associated with slow progression (Clin Exp Immunol 2004;138:312)
Part of pathway of C1q mediated apoptotic clearance (Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:1543)
Also a cell surface receptor for heat shock protein gp96 and others (Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003;127:178)
No significant clinical use by pathologists
Positive staining - normal:
- Fibroblasts, dendritic cells (Immunobiology 2006;211:407)
- Macrophages; liver, brain, lung
References: J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:1884, OMIM: 107770 [Accessed 4 May 2021]

CDw92

Also called choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1), Solute carrier family 44 member 1 (SLC44A1)
Produces membrane lipid phosphatidylcholine (Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2006;231:490)
No significant clinical use by pathologists
Positive staining - normal: B cells, T cells (most), monocytes, NK cells (some), neutrophils, fibroblasts (weak), endothelial cells
References: OMIM: 606105 [Accessed 4 May 2021], J Immunol 2001;167:5795

CD93

Also called complement component C1q receptor, C1qR
No longer believed to be part of receptor complex for C1q (J Immunol 2002;168:5222)
Enhances phagocytosis in monocytes and macrophages upon interaction with soluble defense collagens
Also enhances phagocytosis via mannan binding lectin, an important part of the innate immune defense (J Biol Chem 2001;276:43087)
Receptor for pulmonary surfactant protein A
Has role in intercellular adhesion
Soluble form present in plasma (J Immunol 2005;175:1239)
No significant clinical use by pathologists
Positive staining - normal:
- Granulocytes, monocytes, platelets, endothelial cells (J Leukoc Biol 2001;70:793)
- Microglia (J Immunol 2001;166:7496)
- Stem cells (rare, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:10441)
Negative staining: lymphocytes
Reference: OMIM: 120577 [Accessed 4 May 2021]

CD94

Also called natural killer cell antigen, kP43, killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily D member 1, KLRD1
Receptor for MHC class I HLA-E molecules present on NK cells and some cytotoxic T cells
Inhibits NK cell activation by disrupting the actin network where the NK cell contacts its ligand (J Immunol 2006;177:3590)
Increased numbers of CD94+ NK cells in active and inactive ulcerative colitis (Hepatogastroenterology 2001;48:1316)
- Increased number of CD94+ T cells in chronic plaque psoriasis (Br J Dermatol 2006;155:318)
Uses by pathologists:
- NK cell marker; favorable prognostic marker for lymphoblastic lymphoma (Blood 2005;106:3567)
- Nasal type, extranodal NK / T cell lymphoma (Blood 2003;102:2623)
Positive staining - normal: NK cells, CD8+ T cells
Positive staining - disease: T cell large granular lymphocyte leukemias (Am J Clin Pathol 2005;124:937)
Reference: OMIM: 602894 [Accessed 4 May 2021]

CD95

See CD95

CD96

Also called T cell activated increased late expression (TACTILE)
May be involved in adhesion of activated T and NK cells late in immune response
Binds CD155
No significant clinical use by pathologists
Positive staining - normal: activated T cells and NK cells, B cells (low levels)
Positive staining - disease: T-ALL (Exp Hematol 1998;26:1209)
References: J Immunol 2004;172:3994, OMIM: 606037 [Accessed 4 May 2021]

CD97

Binds to CD55 and G protein coupled receptors
May be involved in cell adhesion and signaling processes early after leukocyte activation
May be involved in migration of neutrophils (J Immunol 2004;172:1125)
Highly expressed at sites of inflammation in skin, lung and rheumatoid arthritis
May contribute to angiogenesis associated with tumors (Blood 2005;105:2836)
Glycosylation causes CD97 to show two different epitopes, EGF and Stalk (Int J Cancer 2004;112:815)
No significant clinical use by pathologists
Positive staining - normal: activated T > B cells, monocytes / macrophages, dendritic cells, granulocytes, smooth muscle cells
Positive staining - disease:
- GI carcinomas (Oncol Rep 2005;14:1413, Am J Clin Pathol 2002;118:699)
- Thyroid carcinoma (stronger if undifferentiated) (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:1104)
Negative staining: microglia
References: Tissue Antigens 2001;57:325, OMIM: 601211 [Accessed 4 May 2021]

CD98

Also called SLC3A2
Heavy chain of amino acid transporters (J Cell Sci 2005;118:889)
Involved in cell fusion necessary for syncytiotrophoblast formation (J Physiol 2003;550:3)
Strongly expressed by neoplastic cells; expression contributes to transformation by promoting anchorage and serum independent growth (J Biol Chem 2004;279:54731)
No significant clinical use by pathologists
Positive staining - normal: broad
Positive staining - malignant: all tumor cells
Reference: OMIM: 158070 [Accessed 4 May 2021]

CD99