Table of Contents
CD90 | CD91 | CDw92 | CD93 | CD94 | CD95 | CD96 | CD97 | CD98 | CD99 | Microscopic (histologic) imagesCite this page: Pernick N. CD90-99. PathologyOutlines.com website. https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/cdmarkerscd90.html. Accessed October 2nd, 2023.
CD90
- Also called Thy-1
- May mediate differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and synaptogenesis in the CNS
- CD34+ CD90+ cells include hematopoietic stem cells that serve as autologous grafts to replace the bone marrow in patients with malignancies (Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2000;6:262)
- Mediates adhesion of various white blood cells to activated endothelial cells (J Immunol 2004;172:3850)
- Uses by pathologists: hematopoietic stem cell marker
- Positive staining - normal:
- Immature hematopoietic stem cells, neurons, connective tissue, activated endothelial cells, fibroblasts (variable) (Am J Pathol 2003;163:1291)
- Keratinocyte stem cells (Br J Dermatol 2006;154:1062)
- Negative staining - disease: Ewing sarcoma and some rhabdomyosarcomas (Am J Clin Pathol 2003;119:643)
CD91
- Low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (LRP1); also called alpha 2 macroglobulin receptor
- Large scavenger receptor that mediates the uptake and degradation of various ligands
- Binds to apoE containing lipoproteins and mediates chylomicron remnant clearance from the plasma
- May suppress thyroid carcinoma invasion by clearing urokinase plasminogen activator (Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006;38:1729)
- Increased CD91 surface expression on CD14(+) monocytes is associated with the apparent HIV1 resistance observed in HIV exposed but seronegative subjects (J Leukoc Biol 2005;78:37)
- Increased expression on monocytes in melanoma patients is associated with slow progression (Clin Exp Immunol 2004;138:312)
- Part of pathway of C1q mediated apoptotic clearance (Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:1543)
- Also a cell surface receptor for heat shock protein gp96 and others (Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003;127:178)
- No significant clinical use by pathologists
- Positive staining - normal:
- Fibroblasts, dendritic cells (Immunobiology 2006;211:407)
- Macrophages; liver, brain, lung
- References: J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:1884, OMIM: 107770 [Accessed 4 May 2021]
CDw92
- Also called choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1), Solute carrier family 44 member 1 (SLC44A1)
- Produces membrane lipid phosphatidylcholine (Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2006;231:490)
- No significant clinical use by pathologists
- Positive staining - normal: B cells, T cells (most), monocytes, NK cells (some), neutrophils, fibroblasts (weak), endothelial cells
- References: OMIM: 606105 [Accessed 4 May 2021], J Immunol 2001;167:5795
CD93
- Also called complement component C1q receptor, C1qR
- No longer believed to be part of receptor complex for C1q (J Immunol 2002;168:5222)
- Enhances phagocytosis in monocytes and macrophages upon interaction with soluble defense collagens
- Also enhances phagocytosis via mannan binding lectin, an important part of the innate immune defense (J Biol Chem 2001;276:43087)
- Receptor for pulmonary surfactant protein A
- Has role in intercellular adhesion
- Soluble form present in plasma (J Immunol 2005;175:1239)
- No significant clinical use by pathologists
- Positive staining - normal:
- Granulocytes, monocytes, platelets, endothelial cells (J Leukoc Biol 2001;70:793)
- Microglia (J Immunol 2001;166:7496)
- Stem cells (rare, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:10441)
- Negative staining: lymphocytes
- Reference: OMIM: 120577 [Accessed 4 May 2021]
CD94
- Also called natural killer cell antigen, kP43, killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily D member 1, KLRD1
- Receptor for MHC class I HLA-E molecules present on NK cells and some cytotoxic T cells
- Inhibits NK cell activation by disrupting the actin network where the NK cell contacts its ligand (J Immunol 2006;177:3590)
- Increased numbers of CD94+ NK cells in active and inactive ulcerative colitis (Hepatogastroenterology 2001;48:1316)
- Increased number of CD94+ T cells in chronic plaque psoriasis (Br J Dermatol 2006;155:318)
- Uses by pathologists:
- NK cell marker; favorable prognostic marker for lymphoblastic lymphoma (Blood 2005;106:3567)
- Nasal type, extranodal NK / T cell lymphoma (Blood 2003;102:2623)
- Positive staining - normal: NK cells, CD8+ T cells
- Positive staining - disease: T cell large granular lymphocyte leukemias (Am J Clin Pathol 2005;124:937)
- Reference: OMIM: 602894 [Accessed 4 May 2021]
CD95
- See CD95
CD96
- Also called T cell activated increased late expression (TACTILE)
- May be involved in adhesion of activated T and NK cells late in immune response
- Binds CD155
- No significant clinical use by pathologists
- Positive staining - normal: activated T cells and NK cells, B cells (low levels)
- Positive staining - disease: T-ALL (Exp Hematol 1998;26:1209)
- References: J Immunol 2004;172:3994, OMIM: 606037 [Accessed 4 May 2021]
CD97
- Binds to CD55 and G protein coupled receptors
- May be involved in cell adhesion and signaling processes early after leukocyte activation
- May be involved in migration of neutrophils (J Immunol 2004;172:1125)
- Highly expressed at sites of inflammation in skin, lung and rheumatoid arthritis
- May contribute to angiogenesis associated with tumors (Blood 2005;105:2836)
- Glycosylation causes CD97 to show two different epitopes, EGF and Stalk (Int J Cancer 2004;112:815)
- No significant clinical use by pathologists
- Positive staining - normal: activated T > B cells, monocytes / macrophages, dendritic cells, granulocytes, smooth muscle cells
- Positive staining - disease:
- GI carcinomas (Oncol Rep 2005;14:1413, Am J Clin Pathol 2002;118:699)
- Thyroid carcinoma (stronger if undifferentiated) (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:1104)
- Negative staining: microglia
- References: Tissue Antigens 2001;57:325, OMIM: 601211 [Accessed 4 May 2021]
CD98
- Also called SLC3A2
- Heavy chain of amino acid transporters (J Cell Sci 2005;118:889)
- Involved in cell fusion necessary for syncytiotrophoblast formation (J Physiol 2003;550:3)
- Strongly expressed by neoplastic cells; expression contributes to transformation by promoting anchorage and serum independent growth (J Biol Chem 2004;279:54731)
- No significant clinical use by pathologists
- Positive staining - normal: broad
- Positive staining - malignant: all tumor cells
- Reference: OMIM: 158070 [Accessed 4 May 2021]
CD99
- See CD99