Table of Contents
Definition / general | Uses by pathologists | Microscopic (histologic) images | Positive staining - normal | Positive staining - disease | Negative staining | Electron microscopy images | Additional referencesCite this page: Pernick N. D2-40 (Podoplanin). PathologyOutlines.com website. https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/stainsD240.html. Accessed January 16th, 2021.
Definition / general
- 38 kDa membrane mucoprotein originally detected on surface of rat podocytes
- Antibody D2-40 reacts to an O-linked, 40 kDa sialoglycoprotein found on lymphatic endothelium, fetal testis and on the surface of testicular germ cell tumors (also other cells as indicated below)
Uses by pathologists
- Identify lymphatic endothelium to determine presence of lymphatics in various conditions, as well as origin of vascular tumors (J Histochem Cytochem 2009;57:643)
- Identify lymphatic endothelium to determine lymphatic invasion (Ann Diagn Pathol 2009;13:168)
- Differentiate mesothelioma (positive, even in effusions, Diagn Cytopathol 2007;35:342) from adenocarcinoma (negative, Cancer 2007;109:933)
- Note: prognostic significance of lymphatic invasion using D2-40 versus H&E only is unclear:
- Not clearly significant - breast carcinoma (Mod Pathol 2009;22:216)
- Appears significant - colon carcinoma (Int J Colorectal Dis 2009;24:1069), melanoma (AJ Cutan Pathol 2009;36:1157, Arch Dermatol 2008;144:462)
Microscopic (histologic) images
Contributed by Debra Zynger, M.D.
Images hosted on other servers:
Positive staining - normal
- Lymphatic endothelium (Am J Pathol 1999;154:385)
- Adrenal cortical cells (normal and neoplastic, J Clin Pathol 2008;61:293)
- Breast myoepithelium (patchy, Hum Pathol 2008;39:175) in normal and neoplastic breast
- Follicular dendritic cells (Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2009;17:102)
- Mesothelium - normal and reactive (Mod Pathol 2005;18:105)
- Skin - basal cells of hair follicle outer root sheath (J Cutan Pathol 2008;35:926)
- Developing testis (Virchows Arch 2006;449:200) and developing brain (Mod Pathol 2006;19:974)
Positive staining - disease
- Angiomyolipoma - lymphatics are prominent (Mod Pathol 2006;19:669, Hum Pathol 2009;40:374)
- Angiosarcoma (most, Am J Pathol 1999;154:385)
- Atypical vascular proliferations of breast postradiation (Cancer 2007;109:1584)
- Chondroid and chordoid tumors: skeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (100%), enchondroma (96%), low grade chondrosarcoma (95%), chordoid meningioma (80%) and chordoid glioma (75%), but not chordoma or extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (Mod Pathol 2006;19:746)
- Crohn’s disease (due to increased lymphatics, Virchows Arch 2008;452:57)
- Dysgerminoma (Int J Gynecol Pathol 2009;28:347)
- Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of liver (Mod Pathol 2008;21:125)
- Follicular dendritic cell tumor (Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2008;1:276)
- Hemangioblastoma (Acta Neuropathol 2005;109:497)
- Kaposi’s sarcoma (Am J Pathol 1999;154:385), kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (J Cutan Pathol 2006;33:492)
- Lung - pleomorphic carcinomas (some, Pathol Int 2008;58:771)
- Lymphangioma (Histopathology 2005;46:396)
- Lymphatic invasion in tumors - examples include melanoma (Hum Pathol 2008;39:901), renal cell carcinoma-clear cell type (Am J Surg Pathol 1989;13:177)
- Mesothelioma (Mod Pathol 2006;19:34, Mod Pathol 2005;18:105), including sarcomatoid subtype (Am J Surg Pathol 2008;32:123)
- Schwannoma, occasional neurofibromas or MPNST (Am J Clin Pathol 2008;129:886)
- Seminoma (Am J Clin Pathol 2007;128:767), some embryonal carcinomas of testis (Mod Pathol 2007;20:320)
- Serous cystadenocarcinoma / carcinoma of gynecologic tract (23%, Mod Pathol 2008;21:1147)
- Sinonasal hemangiopericytoma (Virchows Arch 2006;448:459)
- Skin adnexal carcinoma (Am J Surg Pathol 2007;31:304)
- Solitary fibrous tumor (some, Pathol Int 2007;57:618, but see Virchows Arch 2006;448:459)
Negative staining
- Capillary endothelium
- Retiform hemagioendothelioma (usually, Am J Dermatopathol 2008;30:31)
Additional references
- Comparison of D2-40 and LYVE-1 antibodies (Lymphology 2008;41:103)