Stains & CD markers
Adenovirus
Copyright: 2019-2023, PathologyOutlines.com, Inc.
PubMed Search: Adenovirus stains
Adenovirus
Editorial Board Member: Raul S. Gonzalez, M.D.
Editor-in-Chief: Debra L. Zynger, M.D.
Last author update: 20 September 2019
Last staff update: 8 March 2023 (update in progress)
Copyright: 2019-2023, PathologyOutlines.com, Inc.
PubMed Search: Adenovirus stains
Table of Contents
Definition / general | Essential features | Pathophysiology | Clinical features | Interpretation | Uses by pathologists | Microscopic (histologic) images | Positive staining - disease | Electron microscopy images | Molecular / cytogenetics description | Additional references | Board review style question #1 | Board review style answer #1Cite this page: Mehta V, Picken MM. Adenovirus. PathologyOutlines.com website. https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/stainsadenovirus.html. Accessed March 24th, 2023.
Definition / general
- Anti-adenovirus is a cocktail of mouse monoclonal antibodies derived from cell culture supernatant
Essential features
- Anti-adenovirus is a cocktail of mouse monoclonal antibodies with nuclear and cytoplasmic staining pattern
- False positives are extremely uncommon
- Most false negatives (cases with positive viral cytopathic effect and negative IHC) result from exhaustion of the diagnostic tissue
Pathophysiology
- Double stranded DNA viruses with linear genome capped by proteins at both 5' ends with nonenveloped capsule
- Adenovirus produces nuclear inclusions without cytomegaly
- Virus binds to coxsackie adenovirus receptor or major histocompatibility class I molecule followed by viral internalization
- Viral replication cycle takes about 32 - 36 hours and up to 10,000 virions can be produced; new virions remain in cell until it degenerates and lyses (Tille: Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology, 13th Edition, 2013)
Clinical features
- Adenoviruses are spread via aerosols, in fecal matter or through close contact
- Adenovirus infection is especially common in military barracks and college dormitories
- Children under 14 and immunocompromised patients including transplant recipients are especially vulnerable
Interpretation
- Nuclear and cytoplasmic
- False positives are extremely uncommon
- Most false negatives (cases with positive viral cytopathic effect and negative IHC) result from exhaustion of the diagnostic tissue (Am J Clin Pathol 2017;147:96)
- Other limitations of this and other IHC tests are fixation time of tissues, dilution factor of antibody, retrieval method utilized and incubation time; optimal performance should be established through positive and negative controls
Uses by pathologists
- Various commercially available antibodies used for immunohistochemistry may not provide complete coverage against all 51 serotypes of adenovirus; diagnosis need to be confirmed by polymerase chain reaction or electron microscopy
- Detection of adenovirus in solid organ transplant patients
- Solid organ transplant recipients (Virchows Arch 2015;467:603)
- Renal allograft recipients (Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;7:1884)
- Small bowel transplantation (Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008;132:703)
- Adenovirus hepatitis in the adult allograft liver (Transplantation 1997;64:1483)
- Detection of adenovirus in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients (Leuk Lymphoma 2004;45:873)
Microscopic (histologic) images
Contributed by Vikas Mehta, M.D. and Maria M. Picken, M.D., Ph.D.
Nuclear and cytoplasmic expression
Positive staining - disease
- Adenovirus infection in pediatric solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Curr Infect Dis Rep 2012;14:658)
Electron microscopy images
Contributed by Maria M. Picken, M.D., Ph.D.
Crystalline array
Molecular / cytogenetics description
- Gene amplification or DNA in situ hybridization can be used for identification
Additional references
Board review style question #1
What is the immunohistochemical staining pattern of adenovirus in adenovirus nephritis?
- Cytoplasmic
- Dot-like
- Nuclear
- Nuclear and cytoplasmic
Board review style answer #1
