Pathology Outlines

Stains & CD markers
CD50-59

Last author update: 1 September 2013

Last staff update: 24 June 2021

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PubMed Search: CD50[title], CD51, CD52[title], CD53, CD54[TI] free full text[sb], CD55[title], CD58[title], CD59[title]

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Table of Contents

CD50 | CD51 | CD52 | CD53 | CD54 | CD55 | CD56 | CD57 | CD58 | CD59 | Microscopic (histologic) images

Cite this page: Pernick N. CD50-59. PathologyOutlines.com website. https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/cdmarkerscd50.html. Accessed April 18th, 2024.

CD50

Also known as ICAM-3, the third counter receptor for LFA-1 (CD54)
Provides adhesion signals important in B-T cell interactions and regulates leukocyte morphology
May predict resistance to radiation therapy in cervical cancer (Int J Cancer 2005;117:194)
Costimulator for HIV1 replication (J Virol 2004;78:6692, J Virol 2002;76:32)
Uses by pathologists: no significant clinical use by pathologists
Positive staining - normal:
- Leukocytes including:
  - Eosinophils and mast cells (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:1024, Cell Adhes Commun 1999;7:195)
  - Epidermal Langerhans cells and endothelial cells (J Invest Dermatol 1995;104:995, J Vasc Res 2004;41:28)
Positive staining - disease: synovium in rheumatoid arthritis (Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:360)
Negative staining: nonhematopoietic cells, platelets (J Clin Invest 1994;94:1243)
References: OMIM #146631

CD51

Also called integrin alpha chain V or vitronectin receptor alpha chain
Integrins are membrane receptors for extracellular matrix mediated cell adhesion and migration, cytoskeletal organization, cell proliferation, cell survival and differentiation
Integrins are composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain
Alpha V integrins are a subset of integrins with a common alpha V subunit combined with beta subunits 1, 3, 5, 6 or 8
The beta chain of the vitronectin receptor is CD61
Most alpha V integrins recognize the RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) sequence in various ligands such as vitronectin, fibronectin, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, thrombospondin, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, tenascin or agrin
Alpha V beta 3 integrin may mediate melanoma progression (Oncogene 2005;24:4710)
CD51 on some dendritic cells serves as adenovirus receptor (J Leukoc Biol 2006;79:1271)
Uses by pathologists: no significant clinical use by pathologists
Positive staining - normal: endothelial cells, megakaryocytes, osteoclasts, monocytes and macrophages, placenta cytotrophoblast and Hofbauer cells and fibroblasts (Histochemistry 1991;96:169, Acta Histochem 2003;105:253)
Positive staining - disease: osteoclast disorders including osteoclast-like giant cell neoplasms and inflamed synovium (Mod Pathol 2006;19:161, Ann Rheum Dis 1993;52:182)
Negative staining: cartilage (Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:448)
Reference: OMIM #193210

CD52

Also called Campath-1 and epididymal secretory protein E5
CD52 antibodies are lytic for target cells, both with human complement and via antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
Uses by pathologists:
- Antibodies (Alemtuzumab) are used for long term depletion of T lymphocytes from donor marrow to prevent graft versus host disease (Bone Marrow Transplant 2000;26:69, Transplantation 1999;67:620)
- Also to treat refractory CLL; high serum levels are poor prognostic marker in CLL (Cancer 2004;101:999)
- May treat other malignancies (see CD52+ disorders below), including pure red blood cell aplasia (Br J Haematol 2003;123:278)
- Differentiates eosinophils (CD52++) from neutrophils (CD52 weak / negative)
Positive staining - normal: thymocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes / macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells and epithelial cells lining the male reproductive tract (Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 2006;6:478)
Positive staining - disease:
- Most lymphoid malignancies (variable levels), including (J Clin Pathol 1994;47:313):
  - Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (100%) (Am J Clin Pathol 2005;124:414)
  - Myeloma (5 - 10%) (Am J Clin Pathol 2004;121:482)
  - Hairy cell leukemia (Am J Hematol 2003;74:227)
- T cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia, Langerhans cell histiocytosis (Leuk Lymphoma 2005;46:723, Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005;44:251)
Negative staining: neutrophils, Langerhans cells (normal), lymphocytes in paroxysmal nocturnal hemaglobinuria and Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Reference: OMIM #114280

CD53

Most specific and reliable panleukocyte marker
Encodes member of tetraspanin family, a cell surface protein with 4 hydrophobic domains that mediate signal transduction
Also has adhesion / activation functions
Upregulated in macrophages exposed to lipopolysaccharide (Mol Cells 2004;17:125)
May transduce CD2 generated signals in T cells and natural killer cells
May be a thymocyte selection marker, with CD69 (Int Immunol 2002;14:249)
Familial deficiency is associated with recurrent infectious diseases (Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1997;4:229)
Uses by pathologists: no significant clinical use by pathologists
Positive staining - normal: leukocytes; also dendritic cells, osteoclasts and osteoblasts and mesangial cells (Kidney Int 2003;63:534)
Positive staining - disease: radioresistant tumor cells
Negative staining: platelets, red blood cells and nonhematopoietic cells
Reference: OMIM #151525

CD54

Also called ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1)
Ligand for LFA-1 (CD50)
Receptor for:
- Rhinovirus (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991;88:7993)
- Malaria infected erythrocytes (Infect Immun 2006;74:3262, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:1766)
Involved in adhesion of neutrophils to endothelium at site of inflammation
Reacts with CD11a / CD18 or CD11b / CD18, resulting in immune reaction or inflammation
Reduced expression in endometrial cells may contribute to endometriosis (Immunol Lett 2002;80:49)
Positive staining - normal: broad, B and T cells and B cell precursors, monocytes, osteoclasts, endothelial cells and epithelial cells (various)
Positive staining - tumors: keratoacanthoma (more in fully developed lesions with inflammatory infiltrate), cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (focal if well differentiated, intense if poorly differentiated) (Mod Pathol 2003;16:8)
Negative staining: intravascular B cell lymphoma
Reference: OMIM #147840

CD55

Also called complement decay accelerating factor (DAF)
Gene encodes Cromer blood group
Binds C3bBb (alternative pathway convertase) and C4b2a (classical pathway convertase) to accelerate decay of the C3 convertases; protects against inappropriate complement activation (J Biol Chem 2005;280:2569)
Receptor for CD97, echovirus and Coxsackie B virus (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:10325, J Virol 1998;72:9407)
Also is part of lipopolysaccharide-induced receptor complex (Eur J Immunol 2003;33:1399)
Genetic defects that cause a reduction or loss of both CD59 and CD55 on erythrocytes produce paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH); also cause defective platelets, granulocytes, erythrocytes and possibly lymphocytes
CD55 deficiency is common in patients treated with Campath (anti-CD52), which may predispose to PNH (Transplant Proc 2006;38:1750)
A minor population of CD55 - CD59 negative granulocytes and red blood cells predicts a good response to immunosuppressive therapy in patients with acquired aplastic anemia (Blood 2006;107:1308)
Loss of CD55 is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer (Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:2797)
- However high expression is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal carcinoma (Cancer Immunol Immunother 2003;52:638)
Case reports: pregnant woman in her early 40's with thrombocytopenia due to PNH (Univ Pittsburgh Case #419)
Uses by pathologists: diagnosis of PNH (Am J Clin Pathol 2006;126:781)
Positive staining - normal: all hematopoietic cells and all cell types in intimate contact with complement proteins; also epithelial cells lining extracellular compartments, body fluids and extracellular matrix
Reference: OMIM #125240

CD56

See CD56

CD57

See CD57

CD58

Also called LFA-3 (lymphocyte function associated antigen)
Ligand for CD2 (J Mol Biol 2001;312:711)
Mediates adhesion between:
- NK cells and target cells (J Immunol 2003;170:294)
- Antigen presenting cells and T cells (Cell 1999;97:791)
- Thymocytes and thymic epithelial cells
High serum levels in Hepatitis B, associated with liver cell damage (World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:4237)
Uses by pathologists: detect minimal residual disease in pre-B-ALL (Haematologica 2003;88:1245)
Positive staining - normal: leukocytes (but not mature B cells), pre B cells, erythrocytes, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, fibroblasts and cardiac muscle (J Clin Pathol 1990;43:893)
Positive staining - diseases: pre-B-ALL (Am J Clin Pathol 2005;123:119)
Negative staining: mature B cells
Reference: OMIM #153420

CD59

Also called protectin, complement regulatory molecule
Regulates complement mediated cell lysis by inhibiting formation of membrane attack complex (MAC); binds to C8 or C9 components, preventing incorporation of multiple copies of C9 required for complete formation of osmolytic core
Also makes cells susceptible to NK cell mediated cytotoxicity (J Immunol 2006;176:2915)
Genetic defects that reduce both CD59 and CD55 on erythrocytes produce paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH); also cause defective platelets, granulocytes, erythrocytes and possibly lymphocytes
Low CD59 levels may also cause PNH-like symptoms after Campath therapy (Transplant Proc 2006;38:1750)
Not a particularly good marker for detecting PNH+ monocytes (Am J Clin Pathol 2006;126:781)
In diabetes, glycation may inhibit CD59, causing MAC deposition in vessels, leading to vascular complications (Diabetes 2004;53:2653)
May resist complement mediated lysis via a surface CD59 like protein:
- Naegleria (Infect Immun 2006;74:1189)
- Borrelia (J Immunol 2003;170:3214)
- HIV (J Gen Virol 1997;78:1907)
Uses by pathologists: no significant clinical use by pathologists
Positive staining - normal: most cells
Positive staining - disease: squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (J Oral Pathol Med 2006;35:560)
Reference: OMIM #107271