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Soft tissue

Authors: Engy Abdellatif, M.B.B.Ch., M.D., Ph.D., Borislav A. Alexiev, M.D., Komal Arora, M.D., Vindhya Bellamkonda, M.D., Iva Brčić, M.D., Ph.D., Ali Chaudri, M.D., Qurratulain Chundriger, M.B.B.S., Michael R. Clay, M.D., Carina Dehner, M.D., Ph.D., Louis P. Dehner, M.D., Josephine K. Dermawan, M.D., Ph.D., Deepti Dhall, M.D., Brendan C. Dickson, M.D., M.Sc., Gonçalo F. Esteves, M.D., Ana Félix, M.D., Ph.D., Karen Fritchie, M.D., Jerad M. Gardner, M.D., Raul S. Gonzalez, M.D., Christopher S. Hale, M.D., Anjelica Hodgson, M.D., Kenneth A. Iczkowski, M.D., Christine E. Jabcuga, M.D., Lawrence J. Jennings, M.D., Ph.D., Ivy John, M.D., Kemal Kösemehmetoğlu, M.D., Dia Kamel, M.D., Ph.D., Erica Kao, M.D., Cansu Karakas, M.D., William B. Laskin, M.D., Bernadette Liegl-Atzwanger, M.D., S. Shawn Liu, M.D., Ph.D., Faizan Malik, M.B.B.S., Jose G. Mantilla, M.D., Michael Michal, M.D., Ph.D., Annie S. Morrison, M.D., Smitha Mruthyunjayappa, M.D., Alessandra F. Nascimento, M.D., Farres Obeidin, M.D., Erdener Özer, M.D., Ph.D., Nat Pernick, M.D., Thuy L. Phung, M.D., Ph.D., Jian-Hua Qiao, M.D., Swapnil U. Rane, M.D., Shima Rastegar, M.D., Deepti Reddi, M.D., Andrea Saggini, M.D., Vijay Shankar, M.D., Charanjeet Singh, M.D., Brian D. Stewart, M.D., Lauren N. Stuart, M.D., M.B.A., Norbert Sule, M.D., Ph.D., David Suster, M.D., Nasir Ud Din, M.B.B.S., Meggen Walsh, D.O., M.S., P.A., Hind Warzecha, M.D., Michella Whisman, M.D., Daniel Wimmer, M.D.

Minor changes: 1 June 2021

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Related chapters: Skin nonmelanocytic tumor, Bone & joints, Muscle & peripheral nerve nontumor

Editorial Board oversight: Borislav Alexiev, M.D. (last reviewed July 2020), Debra Zynger, M.D. (last reviewed December 2020)
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Table of contents
General:architectural patterns books cell types grading histology-blood vessels histology-brown adipose histology-fibrous tissue histology-nerve histology-skeletal muscle histology-white adipose molecular staging-general staging-abdomen and thorax staging-GIST staging-head and neck staging-retroperitoneum staging-trunk and extremities staging-unusual sites syndromes WHO classification (pending) WHO classification-GI mesenchymal tumors
Infections, inflammation & hematoma:giant cell arteritis hematoma Morton neuroma necrotizing fasciitis tumoral calcinosis
Adipose tissue tumors
Lipoma and variants:lipoma angiolipoma chondroid lipoma fibrolipoma intramuscular lipoma myolipoma myxoid lipoma spindle cell / pleomorphic lipoma
Other benign lesions:hibernoma lipoblastoma / lipoblastomatosis lipoma arborescens lipomatosis lipomatosis of nerve
Liposarcoma:atypical lipomatous tumor / well differentiated liposarcoma atypical spindle cell / pleomorphic lipomatous tumor (pending) dedifferentiated liposarcoma myxoid liposarcoma myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma (pending) pleomorphic liposarcoma
Extraskeletal bone tumors:aneurysmal bone cyst chondroma chondrosarcoma mesenchymal chondrosarcoma chordoma Ewing sarcoma / PNET osteosarcoma parachordoma
Fibroblastic / myofibroblastic:angiofibroma cellular angiofibroma angiomyofibroblastoma calcifying aponeurotic fibroma calcifying fibrous tumor dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) desmoplastic fibroblastoma elastofibroma EWSR1-SMAD3 rearranged fibroma of tendon sheath fibro-osseous pseudotumor of digits (pending) fibrous hamartoma of infancy focal myositis Gardner-type fibroma giant cell fibroblastoma inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma ischemic fasciitis myositis ossificans nodular fasciitis nuchal-type fibroma ossifying fibromyxoid tumor proliferative fasciitis proliferative myositis solitary fibrous tumor superficial acral fibromyxoma superficial CD34+ fibroblastic tumor
fibromatosis:fibromatosis-desmoid fibromatosis-palmar / plantar fibromatosis colli inclusion body fibromatosis juvenile hyaline fibromatosis lipofibromatosis
fibrosarcoma:fibrosarcoma-adult fibrosarcoma-infantile low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma low grade myofibroblastic sarcoma myxofibrosarcoma myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma
So called fibrohistiocytic:fibrohistiocytic tumors-general deep benign fibrous histiocytoma giant cell tumor of soft tissue plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor tenosynovial giant cell tumor, localized type tenosynovial giant cell tumour, diffuse type malignant tenosynovial giant cell tumor
Peripheral nerve
Neurofibroma:neurofibroma-general plexiform neurofibroma neurofibromatosis type 1 neurofibromatosis type 2
Other benign:benign triton tumor (pending) ectopic meningioma (pending) hybrid nerve sheath tumor (pending) dermal nerve sheath myxoma granular cell tumor neuroma perineurioma pigmented neuroectodermal tumor of infancy schwannoma schwannoma-ancient schwannoma-cellular schwannoma-microcystic / reticular schwannoma-plexiform solitary circumscribed neuroma (pending)
Malignant:malignant melanotic nerve sheath tumor (pending) malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST)
Skeletal muscle:ectomesenchymoma neuromuscular hamartoma
Rhabdomyoma:adult type rhabdomyoma fetal type rhabdomyoma genital type rhabdomyoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma:alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma spindle cell / sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma
Smooth muscle:Epstein-Barr virus associated smooth muscle tumor
Leiomyoma:leiomyoma cutaneous leiomyoma leiomyoma of deep soft tissue
Leiomyosarcoma:leiomyosarcoma-general inflammatory leiomyosarcoma
Vascular
Nonneoplastic:arteriovenous malformation / hemangioma (pending) bacillary angiomatosis papillary endothelial hyperplasia radiation associated cutaneous atypical vascular lesion
Benign:anastomosing hemangioma cystic / cavernous lymphangioma epithelioid hemangioma hemangioma intramuscular angioma lymphangioendothelioma lymphangioma lymphangiomatosis microvenular hemangioma synovial hemangioma venous hemangioma
Intermediate (locally aggressive / rarely metastasizing):composite hemangioendothelioma epithelioid hemangioendothelioma kaposiform hemangioendothelioma Kaposi sarcoma papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma retiform hemangioendothelioma
Malignant:angiosarcoma
Pericytic (perivascular):angioleiomyoma glomus tumor myofibroma / myofibromatosis myopericytoma
Uncertain differentiation:alveolar soft part sarcoma CIC-DUX4 fusion tumor angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma clear cell sarcoma desmoplastic small round cell epithelioid sarcoma extrarenal rhabdoid tumor extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma intimal sarcoma juxta-articular myxoma myoepithelioma / myoepithelial carcinoma / mixed tumor myospherulosis myxoma pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor synovial sarcoma undifferentiated / unclassified sarcoma
Topics originating in other chapters: perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa)

Soft tissue stains: brachyury caldesmon CDK4 CIC-DUX4 D2-40 desmin DOG1 ERG FLI1 GLUT1 KIT / CD117 MDM2 MUC4 myogenin NKX2 SMARCA4 SMARCB1 SMA STAT6 TFE3 TLE1

Superpages: entire chapterimagesvirtual slides
Index (Alphabetical table of contents)
A-E:adult type rhabdomyoma alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma alveolar soft part sarcoma anastomosing hemangioma aneurysmal bone cyst angiofibroma angioleiomyoma angiolipoma angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma angiomyofibroblastoma angiosarcoma architectural patterns arteriovenous malformation / hemangioma (pending) atypical lipomatous tumor / well differentiated liposarcoma atypical spindle cell / pleomorphic lipomatous tumor (pending) bacillary angiomatosis benign triton tumor (pending) calcifying aponeurotic fibroma calcifying fibrous tumor cell types cellular angiofibroma chondroid lipoma chondroma chondrosarcoma chordoma CIC-DUX4 fusion tumor clear cell sarcoma composite hemangioendothelioma cutaneous leiomyoma cystic / cavernous lymphangioma dedifferentiated liposarcoma deep benign fibrous histiocytoma dermal nerve sheath myxoma dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) desmoplastic fibroblastoma desmoplastic small round cell ectomesenchymoma ectopic meningioma (pending) elastofibroma embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma epithelioid hemangioendothelioma epithelioid hemangioma epithelioid sarcoma Epstein-Barr virus associated smooth muscle tumor Ewing sarcoma / PNET EWSR1-SMAD3 rearranged extrarenal rhabdoid tumor extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma
F-N:fetal type rhabdomyoma fibro-osseous pseudotumor of digits (pending) fibrohistiocytic tumors-general fibrolipoma fibroma of tendon sheath fibromatosis colli fibromatosis-desmoid fibromatosis-palmar / plantar fibrosarcoma-adult fibrosarcoma-infantile fibrous hamartoma of infancy focal myositis Gardner-type fibroma genital type rhabdomyoma giant cell arteritis giant cell fibroblastoma giant cell tumor of soft tissue glomus tumor grading granular cell tumor hemangioma hematoma hibernoma histology-blood vessels histology-brown adipose histology-fibrous tissue histology-nerve histology-skeletal muscle histology-white adipose hybrid nerve sheath tumor (pending) inclusion body fibromatosis inflammatory leiomyosarcoma inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor intimal sarcoma intramuscular angioma intramuscular lipoma intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma ischemic fasciitis juvenile hyaline fibromatosis juxta-articular myxoma Kaposi sarcoma kaposiform hemangioendothelioma leiomyoma leiomyoma of deep soft tissue leiomyosarcoma-general lipoblastoma / lipoblastomatosis lipofibromatosis lipoma lipoma arborescens lipomatosis lipomatosis of nerve low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma low grade myofibroblastic sarcoma lymphangioendothelioma lymphangioma lymphangiomatosis malignant melanotic nerve sheath tumor (pending) malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) malignant tenosynovial giant cell tumor mesenchymal chondrosarcoma microvenular hemangioma molecular Morton neuroma myoepithelioma / myoepithelial carcinoma / mixed tumor myofibroma / myofibromatosis myolipoma myopericytoma myositis ossificans myospherulosis myxofibrosarcoma myxoid lipoma myxoid liposarcoma myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma (pending) myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma myxoma necrotizing fasciitis neurofibroma-general neurofibromatosis type 1 neurofibromatosis type 2 neuroma neuromuscular hamartoma nodular fasciitis nuchal-type fibroma
O-Z:ossifying fibromyxoid tumor osteosarcoma papillary endothelial hyperplasia papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma parachordoma perineurioma phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor pigmented neuroectodermal tumor of infancy pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor pleomorphic liposarcoma pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor plexiform neurofibroma proliferative fasciitis proliferative myositis pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma radiation associated cutaneous atypical vascular lesion retiform hemangioendothelioma schwannoma schwannoma-ancient schwannoma-cellular schwannoma-microcystic / reticular schwannoma-plexiform sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma solitary circumscribed neuroma (pending) solitary fibrous tumor spindle cell / pleomorphic lipoma spindle cell / sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma staging-abdomen and thorax staging-general staging-GIST staging-head and neck staging-retroperitoneum staging-trunk and extremities staging-unusual sites superficial acral fibromyxoma superficial CD34+ fibroblastic tumor syndromes synovial hemangioma synovial sarcoma tenosynovial giant cell tumor, localized type tenosynovial giant cell tumour, diffuse type tumoral calcinosis undifferentiated / unclassified sarcoma venous hemangioma WHO classification (pending) WHO classification-GI mesenchymal tumors
Soft tissue books

Boto: 2016

Fisher: 2015

Hornick: 2018

IARC: 2020

Jiang: 2021

Lindberg: 2015

Miettinen: 2016

Montgomery: 2018

Paolo Dei Tos : 2019

Perry: 2017



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