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Bone & joints

Authors: Rabia Ahmed, M.B.B.S., Alnoor Akber, M.D., Borislav A. Alexiev, M.D., Alaaeddin Alrohaibani, M.D., Saba Anjum, M.B.B.S., Tamanna Asghari, M.B.B.S., Anshu Bandhlish, M.D., Cecilia Belzarena, M.D, M.P.H., Dariusz Borys, M.D., Iva Brčić, M.D., Ph.D., Qurratulain Chundriger, M.B.B.S., Jessica L. Davis, M.D., Gustavo de la Roza, M.D., Brent A. Enniss, D.O., Raul S. Gonzalez, M.D., Akif K. Guney, M.D., Hans Magne Hamnvåg, M.D., Dana J. Hariri, M.D., Jesse Hart, D.O., Lawrence J. Jennings, M.D., Ph.D., Travis H. Johnson, D.O., M.S., Erica Kao, M.D., Kemal Kösemehmetoğlu, M.D., William B. Laskin, M.D., Bernadette Liegl-Atzwanger, M.D., Jose G. Mantilla, M.D., Aisha Memon, M.B.B.S., Mohammad Khurram Minhas, M.B.B.S., Sarosh Moeen, M.B.B.S., Elham Nasri, M.D., Farres Obeidin, M.D., Erdener Özer, M.D., Ph.D., Ashley Patton, D.O., Ph.D., Nat Pernick, M.D., Shadi Qasem, M.D., M.B.A., Madiha Bilal Qureshi, M.B.B.S., Aishwarya Ravindran, M.B.B.S., Karen L. Rech, M.D., John D. Reith, M.D. , Robert Ricciotti, M.D., Serenella Serinelli, M.D., Ph.D., Nuha Shaker, M.D., M.S., Vijay Shankar, M.D., Sahar Suleman, M.B.B.S., Muhammad Usman Tariq, M.B.B.S., Nasir Ud Din, M.B.B.S., Paul E. Wakely, Jr., M.D., Kristina Wakeman, M.D., Laura Warmke, M.D., Sheren Younes, M.D., Ph.D., Lingxin Zhang, M.D.

Last staff update: 25 May 2023

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Related chapters: Bone marrow nonneoplastic, Mandible & maxilla, Soft tissue

Editorial Board oversight: Josephine K. Dermawan, M.D., Ph.D. (last revised May 2023), Nasir Ud Din, M.B.B.S. (last reviewed January 2023), Borislav Alexiev, M.D. (last reviewed December 2022), Farres Obeidin, M.D. (last reviewed December 2022)
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Table of contents
General:anatomy-bone anatomy-joints biopsy bone formation and growth books grossing, frozen section & features to report histology-bone histology-joints staging WHO classification
Developmental abnormalities:bone island fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva skeletal dysplasias
Osteomyelitis:bacterial osteomyelitis (acute) chronic osteomyelitis tuberculous osteomyelitis
Arthritis:calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease degenerative joint disease gout and gouty arthritis juvenile rheumatoid arthritis Lyme arthritis rheumatoid arthritis septic arthritis spondylodiskitis systemic lupus erythematosus tuberculous arthritis
Other nonneoplastic:avascular necrosis brown tumor bursitis cartilaginous rest cystic meniscus disc material epidermoid inclusion cyst fracture ganglion cyst implant related changes infarct osteocartilaginous loose bodies (pending) osteochondritis dissecans osteogenesis imperfecta osteopetrosis osteoporosis paget disease rickets / osteomalacia synovial cysts synovial lipomatosis tumoral calcinosis
Osteogenic tumors
Benign:osteoma, NOS osteoid osteoma
Intermediate (locally aggressive):osteoblastoma, NOS
Malignant:low grade (central) osteosarcoma osteosarcoma, NOS conventional osteosarcoma telangiectatic osteosarcoma small cell osteosarcoma parosteal osteosarcoma periosteal osteosarcoma high grade surface osteosarcoma secondary osteosarcoma
Osteoclastic giant cell rich tumors
Benign:aneurysmal bone cyst nonossifying fibroma
Intermediate (locally aggressive, rarely metastasizing):giant cell tumor of bone, NOS
Malignant:giant cell tumor of bone, malignant
Undifferentiated small round cell sarcoma of bone and soft tissue:BCOR::CCNB3 sarcoma CIC rearranged sarcoma Ewing sarcoma round cell sarcoma with EWSR1 non-ETS fusions sarcoma with BCOR genetic alterations translocation negative (pending) undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma
Chondrosarcoma:atypical cartilaginous tumor / chondrosarcoma, grade 1 chondrosarcoma (primary, secondary, periosteal) clear cell chondrosarcoma dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma mesenchymal chondrosarcoma
Notochordal lesions:benign notochordal cell tumor chordoma
Other chondrogenic tumors:bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation chondroblastoma chondromyxoid fibroma enchondroma osteochondroma osteochondromyxoma periosteal chondroma subungual exostosis synovial & tenosynovial chondromatosis
Fibrogenic / fibrohistiocytic tumors:desmoplastic fibroma of bone fibrosarcoma of bone
Vascular tumors:angiosarcoma epithelioid hemangioendothelioma epithelioid hemangioma of bone (pending) hemangioma pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma
Other tumors:adamantinoma Erdheim-Chester disease fibrous dysplasia infantile myofibromatosis liposclerosing myxofibrous tumor lymphoma Mazabraud syndrome McCune-Albright syndrome metastases osteofibrous dysplasia simple bone cyst systemic mastocytosis xanthoma
Related topics from other chapters: epithelioid hemangioendothelioma juxta-articular myxoma Langerhans cell histiocytosis myositis ossificans synovial hemangioma tenosynovial giant cell tumor

Bone & joint stains: AE1 / AE3 BCOR brachyury CAMTA1 CD1a CD68 CD99 CD138 CD163 ERG FOS (pending) FOSB (pending) GRM1 (pending) H3K36M (pending) H3G34W (pending) MDM2 MUM1 NKX2.2 (pending) S100 SATB2 SOX9

Superpages: entire chapterimagesvirtual slides
Index (Alphabetical table of contents)
A-E:adamantinoma anatomy-bone anatomy-joints aneurysmal bone cyst angiosarcoma atypical cartilaginous tumor / chondrosarcoma, grade 1 avascular necrosis bacterial osteomyelitis (acute) BCOR::CCNB3 sarcoma benign notochordal cell tumor biopsy bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation bone formation and growth bone island brown tumor bursitis calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease cartilaginous rest chondroblastoma chondromyxoid fibroma chondrosarcoma (primary, secondary, periosteal) chordoma chronic osteomyelitis CIC rearranged sarcoma clear cell chondrosarcoma conventional osteosarcoma cystic meniscus dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma degenerative joint disease desmoplastic fibroma of bone disc material enchondroma epidermoid inclusion cyst epithelioid hemangioendothelioma epithelioid hemangioma of bone (pending) Erdheim-Chester disease Ewing sarcoma
F-N:fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva fibrosarcoma of bone fibrous dysplasia fracture ganglion cyst giant cell tumor of bone, malignant giant cell tumor of bone, NOS gout and gouty arthritis grossing, frozen section & features to report hemangioma high grade surface osteosarcoma histology-bone histology-joints implant related changes infantile myofibromatosis infarct juvenile rheumatoid arthritis liposclerosing myxofibrous tumor low grade (central) osteosarcoma Lyme arthritis lymphoma Mazabraud syndrome McCune-Albright syndrome mesenchymal chondrosarcoma metastases nonossifying fibroma
O-Z:osteoblastoma, NOS osteocartilaginous loose bodies (pending) osteochondritis dissecans osteochondroma osteochondromyxoma osteofibrous dysplasia osteogenesis imperfecta osteoid osteoma osteoma, NOS osteopetrosis osteoporosis osteosarcoma, NOS paget disease parosteal osteosarcoma periosteal chondroma periosteal osteosarcoma pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma rheumatoid arthritis rickets / osteomalacia round cell sarcoma with EWSR1 non-ETS fusions sarcoma with BCOR genetic alterations secondary osteosarcoma septic arthritis simple bone cyst skeletal dysplasias small cell osteosarcoma spondylodiskitis staging subungual exostosis synovial & tenosynovial chondromatosis synovial cysts synovial lipomatosis systemic lupus erythematosus systemic mastocytosis telangiectatic osteosarcoma translocation negative (pending) tuberculous arthritis tuberculous osteomyelitis tumoral calcinosis undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma WHO classification xanthoma
Bone & joints books

Bocklage: 2014

Czerniak: 2015

Deyrup: 2015

Dodd: 2014

Folpe: 2022

Forest: 1998

Greenspan: 2015

Horvai: 2012

IARC: 2020

Jo: 2015

Klein: 2011

Montgomery: 2020

Nielsen: 2021

Nielsen: 2021

Picci: 2019

Santini-Araujo: 2020

Unni: 2009

Wei: 2013



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