Placenta

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Placenta

Reviewer: Mandolin Ziadie, M.D. (see Reviewers page)
Revised: 10 December 2011, last major update September 2011
Copyright: (c) 2003-2011, PathologyOutlines.com, Inc.

Table of contents

Primary references, normal anatomy, normal histology, placental development, placental hormones, common misdiagnoses

Infectious conditions: acute villitis, chorioamnionitis, chronic intervillositis, villitis of unknown etiology, specific infectious organisms

Placental gross/microscopic abnormalities, non-neoplastic: accessory (succenturiate) lobe, acute chorionic vasculitis, amnion nodosum, amniotic band rupture, bilobate placenta, Breus mole, chronic deciduitis, circummarginate, circumvallate, confined placental mosaicism, cysts, decidual vasculopathy, diffuse chorioamniotic hemosiderosis, fat deposits, fetal nucleated red blood cells, fetal thrombotic vasculopathy, fibrin, fistula lined by intermediate trophoblast, geographic villi, hemorrhage, hemorrhagic endovasculitis, hypoxia, iron deposits, low placental weight, maternal floor infarction, meconium staining, overweight placentas, placenta accreta, placental edema, placental infarct, placental mesenchymal dysplasia, placental polyp, placenta previa, placental site subinvolution, retroplacental hematoma, squamous metaplasia, subamniotic vernix caseosum, Tenney Parker changes, uteroplacental insufficiency, villous dysmaturity, yolk sac remnant

Placental findings in specific newborn/fetal or maternal conditions: aneuploidy, Beckwith-Widemann syndrome, blighted ovum, ectopic pregnancy, fetal death, fetal neurologic impairment / cerebral palsy, hydrops fetalis, missed abortion, recurrent fetal loss, scleroderma, septic abortion, sickle cell disease, smoking, spontaneous abortion, system lupus erythematosus, thrombosis of fetal arteries, toxemia of pregnancy (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia), triploidy, trisomy, Turner’s syndrome, twins, twins-acardia, twins-fetal papyraceus, twin-twin transfusion syndrome

Umbilical cord: normal, acute funisitis, amniotic web, embryonic remnants, furcate insertion, hematoma, knots, long cord, marginal insertion, marked segmental thinning, necrotizing funisitis, nuchal cord, prolapsed cord, short cord, single umbilical artery, supernumerary vessels, teratoma, thin cord, torsion, velamentous insertion

Non-trophoblastic neoplasms: chorangioma, chorangiomatosis, chorangiosis, congenital primitive epithelial tumor of liver, giant pigmented nevi of newborn, hemangioendothelioma, hepatocellular adenoma-like lesion of placenta, lymphoma, metastases to placenta, transient myeloproliferative disease of newborn

Gestational trophoblastic disease: general, choriocarcinoma, complete mole, epithelioid trophoblastic tumor, exaggerated placental site, hydatidiform moles-general, invasive mole, partial/incomplete mole, placental site nodule, placental site trophoblastic tumor

Miscellaneous: staging, features of tumors to report, grossing placentas, standard diagnostic report

Alphabetical table of contents

A-E: accessory (succenturiate) lobe, acute chorionic vasculitis, acute funisitis, acute villitis, amnion nodosum, amniotic band rupture, amniotic web, aneuploidy, Beckwith-Widemann syndrome, bilobate placenta, blighted ovum, Breus mole, chorangioma, chorangiomatosis, chorangiosis, chorioamnionitis, choriocarcinoma, chronic deciduitis, chronic intervillositis, circummarginate, circumvallate, common misdiagnoses, complete mole, confined placental mosaicism, congenital primitive epithelial tumor of liver, cysts, decidual vasculopathy, diffuse chorioamniotic hemosiderosis, ectopic pregnancy, embryonic remnants, epithelioid trophoblastic tumor, exaggerated placental site

F-N: fat deposits, features of tumors to report, fetal death, fetal neurologic impairment / cerebral palsy, fetal nucleated red blood cells, fetal thrombotic vasculopathy, fibrin, fistula lined by intermediate trophoblast, furcate insertion, geographic villi, gestational trophoblastic disease - general, giant pigmented nevi of newborn, grossing placentas, hemangioendothelioma, hematoma, hemorrhage, hemorrhagic endovasculitis, hepatocellular adenoma-like lesion of placenta, hydatidiform moles-general, hydrops fetalis, hypoxia, invasive mole, iron deposits, knots, long cord, low placental weight, lymphoma, marginal insertion, marked segmental thinning, maternal floor infarction, meconium staining, metastases to placenta, missed abortion, necrotizing funisitis, normal placental anatomy, normal placental histology, normal umbilical cord, nuchal cord

O-Z: overweight placentas, partial/incomplete mole, placenta accreta, placenta previa, placental development, placental edema, placental hormones, placental infarct, placental mesenchymal dysplasia, placental polyp, placental site nodule, placental site subinvolution, placental site trophoblastic tumor, prolapsed cord, recurrent fetal loss, retroplacental hematoma, scleroderma, septic abortion, short cord, sickle cell disease, single umbilical artery, smoking, specific infectious organisms, spontaneous abortion, squamous metaplasia, standard diagnostic report, subamniotic vernix caseosum, supernumerary vessels, system lupus erythematosus, Tenney Parker changes, teratoma, thin cord, thrombosis of fetal arteries, torsion, toxemia of pregnancy (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia), transient myeloproliferative disease of newborn, triploidy, trisomy, Turner’s syndrome, twins, twins-acardia, twins-fetal papyraceus, twin-twin transfusion syndrome, uteroplacental insufficiency, velamentous insertion, villitis of unknown etiology, villous dysmaturity, yolk sac remnant

Primary references

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AJCC Cancer Staging Manual (7th ed)
American Journal of Clinical Pathology
American Journal of Surgical Pathology
Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Human Pathology
Modern Pathology

Please refer to these primary references for more detailed discussions and photographs

End of Placenta chapter