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Bladder
Reviewers: Turki Al-Hussain, M.D., Johns Hopkins Medical Centers; Alcides Chaux, M.D., Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Andreas Gaumann, M.D., Institute of Pathology, Germany; Gillian Levy, M.D., Yale Medical Center; Dr. Rugvedita Parakh, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Anil Parwani, M.D., University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Nat Pernick, M.D., PathologyOutlines.com, Inc.; Monika Roychowdhury, M.D., University of Minnesota Medical Center - Fairview; Tom Tong, M.D., Montefiore Medical Center
Revised: 9 February 2013, last major update July 2011
Copyright: (c) 2003-2011, PathologyOutlines.com, Inc.
Table of contents
Primary references, embryology, normal anatomy, normal histology
Cytology: general, normal
findings, non-neoplastic lesions, primary noninvasive urothelial neoplasms, primary invasive neoplasms, secondary neoplasms, biomarker testing, format
of diagnostic report
Congenital
anomalies: AV malformation, duplication, ectopic prostate, exstrophy, hypoplasia, patent urachus, persistent cloaca
Acquired non-neoplastic anomalies: amyloidosis, collagen polyp, cystocele, diverticula, endocervicosis, endometriosis, endosalpingiosis, lithiasis, obstruction, pseudocarcinomatous epithelial hyperplasia, Tamm-Horsfall protein, treatment effect, urinary diversion / neobladder
Cystitis: acute, BK virus, bullous, chronic, cystitis cystica / glandularis, emphysematous, eosinophilic, follicular, granulomatous, hemorrhagic, interstitial, malakoplakia, polypoid / papillary, radiation, schistosomiasis, xanthogranulomatous
Metaplasia: intestinal metaplasia, nephrogenic metaplasia, squamous metaplasia
Nonurothelial benign tumors: condyloma, fibroepithelial
polyp, hemangioma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, leiomyoma, neurofibroma, postoperative granulomas, post-operative spindle cell nodule, prostatic-type polyp, solitary fibrous tumor, urachal lesions, villous adenoma
Urothelial nonneplastic lesions: WHO/ISUP classification, flat hyperplasia, papillary
hyperplasia, flat lesions with reactive atypia, flat lesions with atypia of unknown significance, dysplasia
Urothelial neoplasms-noninvasive: carcinoma in situ, low grade papillary, high grade papillary, papillary
neoplasm of low malignant potential, urothelial papilloma, inverted urothelial papilloma
Urothelial carcinoma-invasive: WHO/ISUP classification, general, endophytic, large
cell neuroendocrine, lymphoepithelioma-like, lymphoma-like, microcystic, micropapillary, nested, plasmacytoid, rhabdoid, sarcomatoid, with
glandular differentiation, with squamous differentiation, with trophoblastic differentiation, undifferentiated-general, undifferentiated-large cell, undifferentiated-osteoclast rich
Adenocarcinoma: in situ, general, clear cell, hepatoid, prostatic, signet ring, urachal
Other carcinomas: metastases, small cell, squamous cell
Other tumors: angiosarcoma, carcinoid, gastrointestinal stromal tumor/GIST, germ cell tumor, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma, melanoma, osteosarcoma, paraganglioma, perivascular epithelioid cell tumor, plasmacytoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, urachal sarcoma
Miscellaneous: staging, frozen sections, grossing, features to report-TURBT, features to report-cystectomy
Alphabetical table of contents
A-E: acute cystitis, adenocarcinoma in situ, adenocarcinoma general, amyloidosis, angiosarcoma, AV malformation, BK virus, bullous cystitis, carcinoid, carcinoma in situ, chronic cystitis, clear cell adenocarcinoma, collagen polyp, condyloma, cystitis cystica / glandularis, cystocele, cytology-biomarker testing, cytology-format of diagnostic report, cytology-general, cytology-non-neoplastic lesions, cytology-normal findings, cytology-primary invasive neoplasms, cytology-primary noninvasive urothelial neoplasms, cytology-secondary neoplasms, diverticula, duplication, dysplasia, ectopic prostate, embryology, emphysematous cystitis, endocervicosis, endometriosis, endophytic carcinoma, endosalpingiosis, eosinophilic cystitis, exstrophy
F-N: features to report-cystectomy, features to report-TURBT, fibroepithelial polyp, flat hyperplasia, flat lesions with atypia of unknown significance, flat lesions with reactive atypia, follicular cystitis, frozen sections, gastrointestinal stromal tumor/GIST, germ cell tumor, granulomatous cystitis, grossing, hemangioma, hemorrhagic cystitis, hepatoid adenocarcinoma, high grade papillary carcinoma, hypoplasia, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, interstitial cystitis, intestinal metaplasia, invasive urothelial carcinoma-general, inverted urothelial papilloma, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, lithiasis, low grade papillary carcinoma, lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, lymphoma, lymphoma-like carcinoma, malakoplakia, melanoma, metastases, microcystic carcinoma, micropapillary carcinoma, nephrogenic metaplasia, nested carcinoma, neurofibroma, normal anatomy, normal histology
O-Z: obstruction, osteosarcoma, papillary hyperplasia, papillary neoplasm of low malignant potential, paraganglioma, patent urachus, perivascular epithelioid cell tumor, persistent cloaca, plasmacytoid carcinoma, plasmacytoma, polypoid / papillary cystitis, postoperative granulomas, postoperative spindle cell nodule, prostatic adenocarcinoma, prostatic-type polyp, pseudocarcinomatous epithelial hyperplasia, radiation cystitis, rhabdoid carcinoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, sarcomatoid carcinoma, schistosomiasis, signet ring adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, solitary fibrous tumor, squamous cell carcinoma, squamous metaplasia, staging, Tamm-Horsfall protein, treatment effect, undifferentiated carcinoma-general, undifferentiated-large cell, undifferentiated carcinoma-osteoclast rich, urachal adenocarcinoma, urachal lesions, urachal sarcoma, urinary diversion / neobladder, urothelial carcinoma with
glandular differentiation, urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation, urothelial carcinoma with trophoblastic differentiation, urothelial papilloma, villous adenoma, WHO/ISUP classification of invasive bladder carcinoma, WHO/ISUP classification of urothelial nonneplastic lesions, xanthogranulomatous cystitis
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AJCC Cancer Staging Manual (7th ed)
American Journal of Clinical Pathology
American Journal of Surgical Pathology
Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Human Pathology
Modern Pathology
Eble: Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs, 2004
Murphy:
Tumors of the Kidney and Bladder (AFIP Atlas of Tumor Pathology, Series 3, Vol 11); 1994
Murphy: Tumors of the Kidney Bladder and Related Urinary Structures (AFIP Atlas of Tumor Pathology, 4th Series, Vol 1); 2004
Websites: Johns Hopkins Cytopathology Tutorial , Johns Hopkins WHO/ISUP Tutorial website, PathConsult, PathoPic, PEIR
Digital Library, Webpathology.com
Please refer to these primary references for more detailed discussions and photographs
End of Bladder chapter